Viva Prep: Clinical Chemistry, Serology, Immunology, Hormonal Assay (Paper-I)

3rd Year Final Examination of Diploma in Medical Technology Course, January 2023

Sub: Clinical Chemistry, Special Serology, Immunology and Hormonal Assay (Paper-I)

Q-01

(a) Jaundice: Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood.

(b) ALT and ALP Causes:

Raised ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase): Usually indicates liver damage, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Raised ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase): Can be elevated in liver and bone disorders, like liver disease or bone disorders.

(c) Lipid Profile: A lipid profile is a blood test that measures cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Normal Reference Values:

Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL

LDL cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL

HDL cholesterol: 40 mg/dL or higher

Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

(d) pH and Acid-Base Balance: pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. Acid-base balance is maintained by the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide buffering system, kidney function, and respiratory regulation.

(e) OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test): A diagnostic test for diabetes. The person drinks a solution containing glucose, and blood sugar levels are measured at intervals.

(f) Uraemia: Uraemia is a condition where there is an elevated level of urea in the blood.

Causes: Kidney dysfunction or failure.

(g) Blood Urea Test: A medical technologist can perform the blood urea test by collecting a blood sample and measuring the urea concentration.

Q-02

(a) Renal Glycosuria: A condition where glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal blood glucose levels.

(b) Diabetes Mellitus: A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.

(c) Biochemical and Immunological Tests: Examples include serum glucose (biochemical) and ELISA (immunological).

(d) Thyroid Function Test Indications: To assess thyroid gland function; indicated for suspected thyroid disorders.

(e) CFT (Complement Fixation Test): A serological test measuring the activity of the complement system.

Principles: Measures the ability of antibodies to fix complement.

Applications: Diagnosis of infectious diseases.

(f) Hormone: A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands.

Example: Insulin (from the pancreas).

Reproductive Hormone Normal Value: Varies (e.g., FSH, LH).

Q-03

(a) Electrolytes: Ions in the body fluids. Normal values include sodium (135-145 mEq/L), potassium (3.5-5.0 mEq/L), and chloride (95-105 mEq/L).

(b) Haemolysis: Destruction of red blood cells. Causes include mechanical trauma or exposure to incompatible blood.

(c) Quality Control: Procedures to ensure reliability and accuracy of laboratory tests. Criteria include precision and accuracy. Benefits include accurate results and patient care improvement.

(d) Acidosis and Alkalosis:

Acidosis: Low pH; Causes include respiratory or metabolic issues.

Alkalosis: High pH; Causes include hyperventilation or excessive antacid use.

(e) Fertility Marker Test: Assess reproductive health.

Examples: FSH, LH, estradiol.

Importance: Evaluate fertility and hormonal balance.

Q-04

(a) Sandwich Principle: Serological test where the antigen is between two layers of antibodies.

(b) RIA (Radioimmunoassay):

Principle: Uses radioactive substances to measure the concentration of antigens.

Advantage: High sensitivity and specificity.

(c) Immunoglobulin Distribution:

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.

Structure: Y-shaped with variable and constant regions.

(d) Lumbar Puncture Indications and Procedure: Indicated for CNS disorders; involves inserting a needle into the spinal canal to collect cerebrospinal fluid.

Q-05

(a) PH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity; ranges from 0 to 14.

(b) Micropipette: Laboratory tool used for precise liquid volume measurements.

(c) IFAT (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test): Serological test using fluorescent dyes.

(d) Complement: Part of the immune system; enhances antibody function.

(e) Occult Blood Test: Detects hidden blood in the stool.

These short answers provide a brief overview of each topic for viva preparation. For a more comprehensive understanding, further details and explanations may be required.